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사진#01

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gilman Collection

"Materialization of a Young Woman Produced by the Medium Linda Gazzera," June 28, 1909, by Enrico Imoda (Italian).


사진#02

Keith de Lellis, New York

"The Ghost of Bernadette Soubirous," circa 1890, by an unknown photographer.

사진#03
Private Collection
"Ghost," circa 1900, by Theodor Prinz (German).


사진#04
Private Collection

"The Medium Ferihummer With a Materialization," 1923, by an unknown photographer.

사진#05
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gilman Collection

"Partial Dematerialization of the Medium Marguerite Beuttinger," ca. 1920, by an unknown photographer.



사진#06
College of Psychic Studies

"Miss Evans With a Spirit Emanation," 1921, byStaveley Bulford

사진#07

The College of Psychic Studies, London

"Unidentified Man With Spirit Writing," ca. 1874,attributed to F. M. Parkes and Reeves (British).


사진#08

Society for Psychical Research, London


"Levitation of the Medium Colin Evans, Photographed in Darkness Using Infa-Red Film," 1938, by an unknown photographer.



사진#09

Institute for Border Areas of the Psychology and Psychohygiene, Freiburg

"The Medium Eva C. With a Materialization on Her Head and a Luminous Apparition Between Her Hands," 1912, by Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (German, 1862-1929).



사진#10

Unidentified Photographer (U.S.)

Woman with Daisies and Spirit

Tintype, Sixth-plate ( 2.75 x 3.25 inches )
circa 1875

This beautifully-executed image is remarkable in several ways. The posing is dramatic, making the composition compelling for more than the "special effect" of the ghost. From a technical standpoint, this is a highly unusual photograph. Tintypes were made directly on a painted metal plate, without the use of a negative, thus eliminating the possibility of most forms of darkroom manipulation. In addition, the image needed to be exposed and developed before the sensitive coating on the plate had time to dry out. For that reason, the woman who is being "haunted" must have been a knowing participant in the production of this picture. She would have been required to hold her position for an exposure lasting several seconds; part of the way through that exposure, the shrouded figure would have stepped out of the frame




Phillips Bros. (A. H. Phillips and A. T. Phillips), Pontiac, Michigan

Man Reading with Female Spirit Behind

Albumen carte de visite, 2.25 x 4 inches

circa 1870

A mysterious image, quite unlike other spirit photographs in the same format. How was it done? The spirit appears to be part of the backdrop, and that may be an important clue. In the book Photographic Amusements (first published in 1896) Walter E. Woodbury offered several different techniques for making spirit photographs. One involved painting a picture of a ghostly figure with "fluorescent substances, such as bisulphate of quinine... This compound, although almost invisible to the eye, photographs nearly black. If a white piece of paper be painted with the substance, except on certain parts, the latter only will appear white in the picture."






William Hope (Crewe, England, 1863-1933)

Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures

(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Lady Doyle in the center row, left)

Silver Print, 3 x 5 inches, before 1922



Inscribed on verso: "Annual Meeting of trhe Society for the Study of Supernormal Photography (sic) at the Psychic College Holland Park N.W."
The Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures was established as a rival to the Society for Psychical Research (S.P.R.). The S.P.R. was founded in 1882 by a group of scientists intent on making an organized and systematic inquiry into "the large group of disputed phenomena referred to as mesmerism, psychism, spiritism."

The S.S.S.P. was launched in 1918 in London and by May of 1920 issued a statement declaring:

The members here present desire to place on record the fact that after many tests and the examination of thousands of pictures, they are unanimously of the opinion that results have been obtained supernormally on sensitive photographic plates under reliable test conditions. At present the members do not undertake to explain how the results have been obtained, but they assert that they have undoubtedly been secured under conditions excluding the possibility of fraud.
The most famous member of the S.S.S.P. was its Vice President, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Doyle was a physician and the creator of the Sherlock Holmes mysteries. He was also an ardent spiritualist and after 1919 a strong advocate of the spirit photographs produced by William Hope of Crewe. When the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research published investigator Harry Price's expose of Hope in 1922, Conan Doyle responded with a book called The Case for Spirit Photography. Doyle's book sets forth a conspiracy theory for the entrapment of William Hope that Sherlock Holmes would have found anything but "elementary."







A view of the unidentified spirit "extra" in the S.S.S.P. photograph



William Hope continued to make spirit photographs, and Doyle succeeded in making him something of a martyr. But Doyle's conspiracy theory and the best efforts of the S.S.S.P. were not enough to counter the unmasking of spirit photographers and physical mediums in general. In 1926, investigator Harry Price would write, "Our photographic mediums are becoming fewer. One after another, they are being exposed. Supernormal photography is the only phenomenon that will not stand up to the 'strict test' of pure scientific research..."

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